Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 816 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Rights Movement Essay Did you like this example? MARKSCHEME A. In what ways according to Source A, has the implementation of the Supreme Court ruling deciding that separate public educational facilities for the races are inherently unequal, been disrupted? It has been disrupted by the protests of mobs. It has been disrupted by the complacency of local authorities to eliminate violent opposition. It has been disrupted by the complacency of local authorities to disperse mobs. Interference with the law and its due processes. The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas" essay for you Create order B. What does Source B suggest about the characteristics of opposition to desegregation? There was peaceful opposition to desegregation. Opponents of desegregation felt that it was comparable to communism. Men and women were involved in protests against desegregation The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2]. With reference to its origin, purpose, and content, analyze the value and limitations of Source C and D for a historian studying the integration of Little Rock Central High School (1957). SOURCE C Value: It is the expression of a contemporary opinion and therefore can give an insight into feelings at the time. The source reveals the arguments deployed by a leading supporter of segregation. It is a primary source Limitations: Because the source was written shortly after the decision was taken, it cannot show its longterm impact. The extracts inclusion of emotive language suggests the need for caution in interpreting this source. It comes from a very limited point of view which was common at the time. SOURCE D Value: It is written a while after the desegregation of public education occurs, so it offers a revisionist point of view. It offers insight into the magnitude of the massive resistance, by offering statistics. The source reveals the arguments deployed by a leading supporter of segregation. Limitations: It is a secondary source of information Due to it being a secondary source, there is a hint of bias as to which side the author agrees with. The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. The focus of the question is on the value and limitations of the source. If only value or limitations are discussed, award a maximum of [2]. Origin, purpose, and content should be used as supporting evidence to make relevant comments on the value and limitations. For [4] there must be at least one reference to each of them in either the value or the limitations. Compare and contrast what Sources C and E reveal about the attitudes towards the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School. Apply the mark bands that provide the best fit to the responses given by candidates and award credit wherever it is possible to do so. The following material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Indicative content Comparisons: Both sources demonstrate the existence of strong views on the issue of segregation in schools. Both sources claim that the proposals therein would achieve the best possible educational outcome for students in public schools. Both sources reveal the existence of diverse attitudes among important leaders in the state and federal systems regarding the question of desegregation of public schooling in the US. Both sources are addressing a particular audience. Contrasts: Source A is completely in favor of desegregation in schools whereas Source C is strongly opposed to racial mixing. Source As views are based on an assumption that whites and blacks are fundamentally equal and therefore schools should be integrated whereas Source Cs argument is based on a belief that it is unnatural and ungodly to mix the races. Source A is encouraging positive and non-violent means of approaching the desegregation in public schools, whereas source C is inciting the opposite reaction. Using the sources and your own knowledge evaluate the impact the integration of Little Rock Central High School had on desegregation of public schools in the US. Apply the markbands that provide the best fit to the responses given by candidates and award credit wherever it is possible to do so. The following material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. While it is expected that there will be coverage of at least two of the sources, candidates are not required to refer to all four sources in their responses.

Compensation Plan - 4013 Words

Total Compensation Plan Design Macy s (fictional) Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Macy’s Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 Macy’s business strategy and organizational culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Macy’s Organizational Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Macy’s Broad Compensation Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Macy’s Compensation Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 The Cost of the Compensation Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Compensation Plan Communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Executive Summary Macy’s Overview Macy’s Inc. is one of the nation’s premier retailers operating more than 850 department stores and employing approximately 182,000 employees in the United States. Macy’s takes pride in selling numerous private label†¦show more content†¦Entry-level new hires receive competitive base pay, while full-time associates enjoy generous salary options. Workers also enjoy flexible work schedules, paid training programs, and career growth potential. Insurance coverage, health and wellness benefits and future planning benefits also exist for eligible employees. (htpp://www.macysjobs.com/benefits/wealth.aspx) Macy’s Compensation Strategy Macy’s overall compensation strategy is performance driven and designed to support the needs of their business. They do this by focusing on 5 key areas: * Providing Competitive and Reasonable Compensation Opportunities. Macy’s compensation levels and individual compensation programs are assessed against the market periodically by their CMD Committee, with input from independent outside compensation consultants as needed. Compensation is usually assessed every 3 years at Macy’s and pay data is validated against several benchmarks, including specific pay levels of other large retail and vendor organizations and information from surveys of the retail industry. In addition, compensation of individual executives are reviewed more frequently, depending on business needs. * Focusing on Results and Strategic Initiatives. Macy’s compensation programs are based on measures of business success. They reflect both internal metr ics such as sales and cash flow, and external metrics such as customer satisfaction and stock price performance. A portion of theShow MoreRelatedCompensation Plan1851 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment 2 – Compensation Plan Outline Ginger Renee Wigglesworth Dr. Anthony Jacob Compensation Management December 2, 2012 Evaluation of Coca Cola s Compensation Plan Introduction Coca Cola uses a market-based compensation plan in which employees receive compensation that is comparable to the market rate. The market-based system is used for hourly employees and for entry level managers that receive a salary. The company also uses a merit pay system for increases, withRead MoreMaking A Good Compensation Plan1288 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Making a good compensation plan will motivate the managers. Bad compensation plan could influence the company’s development and damage the shareholders’ value (GordonKaswin, 2010,p2). The XXX Ltd want to design a compensation plan which can attract and retain the executives needed to achieve and its objective of establishing an industry-leading company with high operational performance and maintain shareholders’ value. The issues addressed in this compensation plan is how to protect shareholders’Read MoreCompensation Plan For Marriott, Inc.1585 Words   |  7 PagesMarriott Compensation Outline Assessing the current compensation plan to establish if it is suitable for Marriott, Inc. The present compensation plan of Marriott, Inc. aims at drawing and maintaining the best human resources possible. The plan serves numerous reasons for Marriott, Inc. Compensation plan for executives is a result through a committee and mainly depend on an extended term in fair compensation. Ensuring that the executives makes the decision that correlates with the objectives ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Compensation And Benefits Plan2021 Words   |  9 PagesGC3 Compensation and Benefits Plan Pay Philosophy As GC3 pushes for a stronger and revitalized company, Tri-State Consulting, LLC recognizes the mission, vision and business strategy should be the basis for the company’s Compensation Strategy. â€Å"Turning compensation into a driver of business success is part of knowing your business (Miller, 2011).† Alignment with the business strategy is shown through industry match of compensation in the 50 percentile, which is part of differentiating services fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Payment Practices Between Companies, Executive Compensation Plans1644 Words   |  7 PagesWhile there is heterogeneity in the payment practices between companies, executive compensation plans must include four basic components: base salary, annual bonus tied to accounting performance or another agreed indicator between the parties, stock options and incentive plans long term (including restricted stock plans and performance plans based on accounting more exercise). Under the crossfire of publi c opinion, the bonus word became almost word, synonymous with unbridled greed, something to beRead MoreCompensation Plan Proposal2118 Words   |  9 PagesBuilding a Lasting Compensation Plan Building a Lasting Compensation Plan Compensation plans are as varied as the companies that implement them. They reflect a company’s culture, financial strategy, organizational structure and goals. Compensation plans serve as the catalyst for employees to join a company and remain, which in turn enables the organization to fulfill its obligation to provide goods and services. Developing an effective compensation plan requires thorough preparationRead MoreCompensation and Benefit Plan Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesCompensation and Benefits Plan Companies welcome employees to their organizations through job proposals that should set the tone for a good working relationship. Companies spend tremendous amount of time and resources seeking and attracting high quality talent and people who will hopefully contribute to the long-term success and future growth of the organization. Compensation and benefit packages can be strategic tools that reflect an organization’s commitment to the employee. They should be designedRead MoreCompensation and Benefits Plan Analysis1373 Words   |  5 Pagesstrongly recommended that you conduct independent research to verify that all information is complete and accurate before referencing the material. This reminder does not contain all of the terms and conditions that govern your purchase Compensation and Benefits Plan Analysis The competitive business environment determines companies to focus on developing strategies intended to improve their position on the market. This objective is reached with the help of employees and their performance. In otherRead MoreThe Importance Of Performance And Compensation Plans1687 Words   |  7 Pagespaid depending on how well their students perform. A technology system will be used to determine the amount of salary increase and decrease. This system uses four steps to establish the pay. These steps include: establishing performance and compensation plans, manage performance, evaluate performance, and link performance to reward (Summers, 2004). This affects Mrs. Miller because although some of her students perform at a typical level, some have learning disabilities and language issues. Mrs. MillerRead MoreWalmarts Compensation Plan Outline2328 Words   |  9 Pagesexisting compensation plan at Wal-Mart and determine if it is the most appropriate for this company. Explain your rationale.   Annual incentive payments are earned under the Management Incentive Plan, upon achievement of pre-established performance goals. These incentive payments are based on increases in both profit and diversity goals as established by management. The incentives are rendered as a percentage of base salary for achieving profit oriented goals. The range of compensation payments

Reaction Paper to Pre-Spanish Colonization Free Essays

Reaction Paper to Pre-Spanish Colonization When I chose to enroll into the PHST 30 course, I really only had one intention for being in this class, and that is it is a CSU transferable class. All of my life I have considered myself to be a Filipino-American, although I was born and raised here in the United States. I never really knew much about Philippine history and I am actually glad that I am learning a little bit more in each class session. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper to Pre-Spanish Colonization or any similar topic only for you Order Now During Pre-Spanish colonization, I found some major concerns regarding my feelings towards some of the laws that were in effect in those days. For example with the poor people who were not allowed to have more than one child and if they did, their newborn baby would be thrown into the river. What gives the government the right to make a decisi on for a couple who want to have a bigger family? Back then people also could not be lazy; if they chose to be lazy, they were severely punished. If that were the case now, millions of people would be punished a day. Another example is that men drank back then to prove their masculinity to women. It was really amusing to me that a popular liquor back then was Lambanoag because I have drank that now, and it is no longer just for men to drink. Another aspect of Pre-Spanish colonization was that men were to work while the women stayed home and took care of all of the household duties. It is really unfair to women that they are obligated to stay home because what if they wanted to work, they just couldn’t. How to cite Reaction Paper to Pre-Spanish Colonization, Papers

Contract Law Elements and Case Examples

Question: Discuss about the Contract Law for Elements and Case Examples. Answer: Consideration and Enforceable Agreement Before implementing any sort of a contract or an agreement, it is important to focus on the consideration aspect. Consideration is something with a monetary value gives to one of the parties who is providing some of the benefits to the other part in the form of a favor, act, forbeance, promise, right, or any sort of good and services. Without consideration, no contract or an agreement would be enforced by law, as according to the laws mentioned in the contract act, all the contract should be having the aspect of consideration as in the absence of the same, it will not be termed under the contract law. This consideration has been an effective part for most of the contract parties to determine whether how they would be accepting the offer and proposal offered by the offerree. All the contracts have four basic elements, which are to be followed by the parties. If either of the aspect were not being taken in to account, then it would never be considered as a contract. These four elements are classified as, Offer, Consideration, Acceptance, and Legal enforceability. (australiancontractlaw, 2010) In this case as well, consideration has been one of the most important factors as the car, which is being sold by Jane. The total amount, which will be a consideration in this aspect, for the car is $25,000. Therefore, in this case, $25,000 is basically the total amount of consideration for the car, which is to be sold. Following are the cases, which are to be analyzed in the respect of the mentioned scenario. (Government, 2012) In the given scenario, Jane is moving oversees and therefore, she is planning to sell the car, Lotus Super 7. For this reason, as per the market value, the car could have been offered to Jack at the price of $25,000, as per the market valuation of the car. She had just decided for a fact that she will give the car and there was no consideration as accepted by either of the parties. The offer was accepted by jack at the given price and therefore, it can be said that the agreement was made between both the parties. As per the laws mentioned in the contract act, if both the parties are agreeing to the given conditions and considerations, the agreement can be enforceable by law. For this reason, it can be said that both the parties will have to make sure that all these aspects are being presented in the best possible manner in a contract with the legal enforcement. Hence, the contract law states most of the principles and laws, which would be aiding both the parties to make sure that the process is executed in the best possible manner without having any sort of an issue. Apart from this, these principles are most important factor, which are to be considered with the help of which the legal matters would be an easier task for both the parties. Section 2 of the contract act does play an important role in the determination of the fact that the enforceability would play an important role in the whole scenario. Not only this, the principles as laid down in the act would be benefitting both the parties in the long run as all these mentioned aspects would aid them in referring to contract in the future. Therefore, it can be said that as Jack has accepted the offer to buy the car at the given rate, it should be considered that law, and all the norms of the contract should be applied and followed in the whole scenario, by both the parties, should enforce upon the agreement. (LawHandbook, 2006) In the second part, it has been observed that Jack has accepted the offer to pay the amount of $25,000 for the car. Jack as per the market valuation accepts this total amount. For this purpose, it can be said that the contract act would be having principles, which would lead Jane to make the offer for the given amount. Jack had readily accepted the offer because of which the law regarding this aspect in the contract law would be applied in the best possible manner. All these aspects are to be considered as per he contract act in the long run. The major aspect, which is to be considered in this scenario, is because of the fact that the agreement between both the parties, once accepting the whole scenario, can be actually laid under the norms of contract act. In this scenario, Jack has accepted the offer in the best possible rate, as that was the market valuation of the car. Jane readily accepted the total amount, which was to be paid by Jack, without having any sort of negotiations regarding the car, which was to be sold. The contract act plays the most important role in the determination of the fact that whether both the parties would readily accept the whole scenario without making any sort of negotiations. In this regard, it can be said that the principles as laid down in the contract act will be strictly followed to make sure that all the steps are taken with respect of the contract act. (Monash University, 2012) In the third scenario, the car was being offered to Jack at the price, which was way lesser than the actual valuation of the car. The market value of the car was $25,000, whereas Jane was offering the car at the price $2,500. This price was actually really lower than the market value of the same. This leads to the fact that most of the times, when a person is actually selling a commodity at a price, which is not as per the valuation of the car in the market. As per the market valuation of the car, $25,000 was the real amount and hence, the amount as offered by Jane was relatively very cheap and therefore, Jack had readily accepted the offer, as it was a fruitful offer. Hence, it should be said that as the market value of the car was more than the rate at what it was being offered, the car was being sold at a very cheap rate. This car could have bee sold to any other person, or even to Jack at the market valuation. It greatly depends upon the offer or to determine the price of the com modity. Jack would readily accept the offer, as the price of the car as per the market has been quite low. For this reason, it is effectively important to make sure that the contract has been signed between both the parties as in the absence of the same, either of the party can change its statements because of which there can be a legal suit against either of the parties. Therefore, it can be said that the most important factor has been the fact that when a consideration has been determined at an unexpected rate or price, a contract should be formed between the parties, as it would be used as proof whenever it is being required by either of the parties. Issue The ship building company was contracted to build a ship for the North Ocean tankers, with proper terms and conditions. It was stated in the contract that no extra amount would be paid by north ocean tankers for the services as provided by the ship building company. There were no terms and conditions, regarding all the fluctuations in the currency of the country. It was agreed upon by the all the parties concerned regarding the payment will be done in Dollars and no action would be taken, if there were situations where the currency is being fluctuated. No extra amount would be paid for the same. As per the case, the US dollar got adjusted and the government had made sure that the currency is adjusted by almost 10 per cent for the betterment of the society. There are situations where the economy of any country have to take up certain decisions, which would directly impact the society and the economy, be it for a fact, that it can be appreciation or depreciation of the currency. Regard ing this, after observing all the changes, the adjustment in the currency would be, the ship building company had determined to demand an extra amount of $3 million. In order to make sure that the delivery of the ship is being done on time and without any delay, North Ocean tankers had decided to make the payment to the ship building company. Therefore, in order to make sure that the work is done without any delay, the payment of the whole extra amount was done and hence the delivery was made. After several months have been crossed, the North Ocean Tankers had decided to file a suit against the ship building company and demanded back its extra amount as paid to them for the adjustments of the currency. Rule The concerned parties were formulating the contract after the contract was agreed upon. As per the law, the company should make sure that all the principles and regulations, of the contract act, as mentioned in the contract deed, between both the parries, should be followed. The Australian Contract Law does not allow the company to do any sort of an activity, which is beyond the clauses and norms as stated in the contract. All the activities, which are being performed by all the parties in the contract, beyond these clauses and rules in the contract, would be considered as illegal and hence strict action can be taken by the party to ensure that the issue regarding the same is resolved, in the most efficient way. The court of law would not allow doing such activities, which will terminate the clauses of the contract as mentioned in deed. Therefore, it can be said that any contract, which has been formulated, by two parties have to follow these certain laws and regulation as stated in the contract act to avoid any kind of an issue in the coming years or during the course of the company. (Sydney Government, 2012) Application In this case, as well, both the companies will have to follow the norms and principles as mentioned in the contract act of Australia. For this reason it should be said that there are certain actions, which had been taken place in this case. The activity as done by the North Ocean Tankers, was beyond the principles of the contract act. For this reason, it became an important aspect for both the companies to make sure that no activity beyond the whole contract is being conducted. The extra amount, which was being paid by the company, was not as per the contract signed between the parties, involved. For this reason, it stated that the contract was nit obligated as per the clauses mentioned in the same. The total extra amount, which was paid by the company, was not determined in the initial stages. Hence, nothing regarding the extra amount was discussed in the whole contract. Yet the company had paid 3 million extra in order to make sure that they get the delivery of the ship on time and their work is actually carried out as per the mentioned deadline. Not only this, the extra amount, which was being demanded by the shipbuilding company, was due to the fluctuations in the currency rate of the country. Hence, it should be noted for a fact that as it was mentioned in the contract that no extra payments would be made, under any circumstances, North ocean tankers were not at all under any obligation to make the payment. As they made the payment, the contract was broken intentionally. Therefore, all the rules and regulations of the contract act, the contract was breached by North Ocean Tankers and hence, it is not advisable for them to file a suit against the company as the total amount would not be reimbursed by the shipbuilding company. Hence, it should be said that under these circumstances, the company will not be refunded. The refund amount of 3 million from the shipbuilding company as, in the non-existing of the contract, there was no agreement or contract between either of the parties regarding the extra payment, which is to be made. (Government, 2012) Conclusion To conclude, both the parties should execute the principles of the contract act plays a major role in the whole case, as there has been a contract between both the parties for the betterment of the whole deal. If any of the activity is being done, which is beyond the rules and norms of the contract act, it can be said that the principles of the contract act, is being terminated and legal action can be taken or executed in order to make claims regarding the same. References Government. (2012). CONTRACTS REVIEW ACT 1980. Retrieved August 19, 2016, from www.austlii.edu.au: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cra1980201 Sydney Government. (2012). Contract law. Retrieved August 19, 2016, from www.sa.gov.au: https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/crime-justice-and-the-law/contract-law Law resource. (2013). Contract consideration. Retrieved August 19, 2016, from e-lawresources.co.uk: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Consideration.php Government. (2011). consideration . Retrieved August 19, 2016, from dictionary.cambridge.org: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/consideration Legal Information Institute. (2015). Consideration. Retrieved August 19, 2016, from www.law.cornell.edu: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/consideration Goon, S. (2012). Rules of Consideration in Contract Law: Elements Case Examples. Retrieved August 19, 2016, from study.com: https://study.com/academy/lesson/rules-of-consideration-in-contract-law-elements-case-examples.html Australiancontractlaw. (2010). Legislation. Retrieved August 18, 2016, from www.australiancontractlaw.com: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/legislation.html LawHandbook. (2006). Elements of a contract. Retrieved August 18, 2016, from www.lawhandbook.org.au: https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/ Monash University. (2012). Commercial law: Contract law . Retrieved August 18, 2016, from guides.lib.monash.edu: https://guides.lib.monash.edu/commercial-law/contract-law Booker, N. (2012). Australian Government Review of Australian Contract Law. Retrieved August 18, 2016, from www.lawsociety.com.au: https://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetyounglawyers/644777.pdf Business dictionary. (2011). consideration . Retrieved August 18, 2016, from www.businessdictionary.com: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consideration.html Government. (2012). Contract law. Retrieved August 18, 2016, from www.sa.gov.au: https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/crime-justice-and-the-law/contract-law

Running head Health, Stress, and Coping Essay Example

Running head Health, Stress, and Coping Paper The chapter outlines the biological, psychological, social and cultural factors that influence health and illness. The potential stressors that increase the risk of illness are stressful experiences or situations that are uncontrollable or chronic lasting for at least six months. Some of them include work related problems, noise, bereavement and loss, poverty, powerlessness and low status. According to health researchers, there are three factors due to which these chronic stressors do not affect everyone in the same way .They are (1).Individual physiological differences in the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and other bodily systems (2) psychological factors such as attitudes, emotions, perceptions of events (3) people’s behaviour under stress. The Physiology of Stress We will write a custom essay sample on Running head Health, Stress, and Coping specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Running head Health, Stress, and Coping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Running head Health, Stress, and Coping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Research in the area of stress began in the year, 1956, when Canadian physician, Hans Selya (1907-1982) published â€Å"The stress of life†. He described about general adaptation syndrome which is a series of physiological responses to stressors that occur in three phases namely alarm, resistance and exhaustion. Selya believed that some stress is positive and productive while some negative stress that is unavoidable may overwhelm body’s ability to cope. Stress and Body   The modern research on stress focused on the hypothalamus which sends messages to endocrine glands that activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system releasing epinephrine and norepineprine. Further to this, it is now evident that when body is under stress the activity along the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex called as HPA axis is initiated. The chemical messages from hypothalamus communicate with pituitary which in turn sends messages to outer part of the adrenal glands that secrete cortisol. If cortisol and stress hormones stay for too long they can be harmful contributing for hypertension, immune disorders, other physical ailments and possible emotional problems. The Mind-Body link To understand further on stressors and variations in people’s reaction to stress, an interdisciplinary specialty with focus on psychological processes, nervous, endocrine and immune systems called as psychoneuroimmunology or PNI has emerged. Research shows that chronic stress can weaken or suppress the white blood cells of the immune system. Not all people are affected in the same way by chronic stressors and environmental condition. The reason behind the differential responsiveness to stress could be attributed more to the perception about the stressor. This simply means that human beings show signs of stress when they feel crowded than when the place is crowed.  Ã‚   Therefore psychological factors play a major role. The Psychology of Stress Emotions and Illness- The effects of negative attitudes and emotions can affect the course of the illness and of recovery. Research shows that feeling anxious, depressed and helpless for example can delay the healing of wounds after surgery, whereas feeling hopeful can significantly speed healing .Efforts to link emotions and illness occurred with research on Type A personality in 1970s. The main ingredient in Type A personality turned out to be antagonistic hostility which is related to heart disease. Chronic depression also is a risk factor that is linked to heart disease. Positive Emotions are helpful in that they are associated with better health and longevity.   Psychologists are trying to find out what it is about feeling happy, cheerful and hopeful that could protect a person from getting sick. Perhaps, people with positive emotions have an easy going temperament and also have better social support. Managing Negative Emotions- As negative emotions are risky, trying to suppress those means processing the thought more frequently. One way to get rid of negative emotions comes from research on benefits of confession and forgiveness.It promotes empathy, the ability to see the situation from another person perspective. Optimism and Pessimism- Research indicates that optimism helps in promoting health and well-being than pessimism. The feeling of optimism is related to having a sense of control. According to Rotter, 1990, locus of control refers to general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus).The greatest threat to health and well-being occurs when people feel caught in a situation they cannot escape. Two ways of controlling feelings can be through primary or secondary control that can help to reduce or even eliminate the relationship between stressors and health. An effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events is called as primary control while secondary control is an effort to accept reality by changing attitudes, goals or emotions. Coping with Stress Coping involves active efforts to manage demands that feel stressful. Different forms of coping with stress include using physical strategies, problem oriented strategies, cognitive strategies or social strategies. Some of the physical strategies include handling physiological tension by reducing body’s arousal through meditation, relaxation, and massage. Studies also show that physically fit people have fewer health problems. Some situations demand problem focused coping skills which depend on the nature of the problem. When there are problems that cannot be changed like losing a job, or chronic illness then using cognitive coping methods will help to change the way we think about the problem. The three ways for coping includes reappraising the situation, learning from experience and making social comparisons. Apart from these individual mechanisms of coping taking help of social support is another important approach that facilitates coping. Family members, friends, neighbors, and co-workers can lend support and provide help. Studies also show that social support enhances health and bolsters immune system. Another   better way of coping with stress is by helping others .Healing through helping enables   people to gain strength by focusing   less on their woes which can stimulate optimism and restore feelings of control. How much control do we have over our health? The process of coping does not involve elimination of stress but to deal with the stressors effectively. In the course of dealing with stressors, illness and health we have control over some psychological and social factors like negative emotions, pessimism, external locus of control, hostility, depression, and lack of supportive friends etc. Other three predictors of longevity are not smoking, eating a healthful diet and exercising regularly.   Therefore coping with stress means learning to live and deal with the stressors, problems and the pain.

Female Reproduction Essays - Human Female Reproductive System

Female Reproduction Essays - Human Female Reproductive System Female Reproduction Female Reproduction Lesson 1 ovary - a gland that produces estrogen and ova. Ova are female reproductive cells. Ova also are called eggs. An ovum is one egg. fallopian tube - a four inch long tube through which ova move from an ovary to the uterus. A female has two Fallopian tubes; one near each ovary. uterus - an organ that supports a fertilized egg during pregnancy. The uterus is muscular and stretches when a baby is growing inside. cervix - the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. During childbirth, the baby passes through the cervix into the vagina. vagina - a tube that connects to the outside of the body. The vagina is very muscular. It stretches when a mother gives birth. Female External Reproductive Organs - clitoris, mons pubis, labias, vaginal opening Clitoris - Small knob of tissue in front of the vaginal opening. A rich supply of nerve endings and blood vessels. Only part of the female sexual anatomy with no known reproductive function. Has an important function in producing sexual arousal. Exposed portion is the glans. Mons Pubis - Rounded fatty pad of tissue, covered with pubic hair. Located on anterior side of the female body. The mons pubis is directly on top of the pubic bones, top of pubic symphysis. Provides protection to some degree for the pubic symphysis. Labia majora - The outer fold of tissue on either side of the vaginal opening. Labia minora - The inner fold of skin on either side of the vaginal opening. These inner folds extend forward forming a hood like covering over the clitoris. They serve as a line of protection against germs entering the body and also serve a function in sexual arousal. Both the majora and minora are rich in nerve endings and blood vessels. Vaginal opening - Becomes visible when the labias are parted. Just inside the vaginal opening may be a thin membrane called the hymen. Hymen - This membrane stretches across the opening of the vagina. It has no known function and is not present in all females. The hymen usually has several openings in it, thus allowing for the passage of the menstrual flow. Misconceptions have developed throughout history: an intact hymen was the sign of a virgin, with first intercourse and the tearing of the hymen, a female experienced pain and bleeding. Neither of these things is true. Some females are born without a hymen. Others may tear the hymen through a variety of physical activities - often without even knowing it. Some hymen tissue is very flexible and may stay intact during intercourse. Because there are usually openings in the hymen, sperm released at the vaginal opening can swim into the vagina and up to an egg cell, resulting in fertilization and pregnancy. Thus, a female could become pregnant and still have an intact hymen. Sterility Usually takes a number of forms. Once cause of female sterility is the blocking of the Fallopian tubes. The egg cell cannot pass into the uterus. Another cause is the female's failure to ovulate. Endometriosis, a condition in which the inner lining of the uterus (or tissue similar to the tissue) the endometrium is present abnormally in the abdominal cavity. Surgery can usually correct this condition. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Refers to a variety of symptoms that some females experience before their menstrual periods. Usually experienced two weeks before the menstrual period or several days before it. Many females never experience PMS. Symptoms may include nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating, weight gain, depression, mood swings, and fatigue. More common in women in their 30s. PMS is related to a hormonal imbalance. Others attribute the cause to a nutritional deficiency. Most doctors recommend a diet and life-style changes as the first treatment of PMS. Encourage women to find ways to reduce stress. PMS sufferers need to evaluate their diets, reducing the intake of sugar, salt, caffeine, nicotine, and alcoholic beverages. They should also increase their intake of B vitamins, magnesium, leafy green vegetables, whole grains, and fruit. Finally a regular exercise program should be developed. Dysmenorrhea (dis-men-or-e-uh) Painful contraction in the uterus during menstruation. Relief can usually be had by a warm bath or by doing certain exercises as outlined by a

The Tempest for Shakespeare Act I Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Tempest for Shakespeare Act I - Assignment Example In case of a shipwreck, everyone would die. The professionals, nobles and the servants, who make up the mix of characters, all included. In terms of the plot point, the Tempest is central to the plot and begins with the confusion caused by the storm and conflict between classes that continues through the play. 2. The two factions are generally comprised of a split of the noble men and commoners. It is a display of the different political and social class existent. The noble are the masters such as Alonso, Sebastian, Antonio and Gonzalo. The commoners are the subjects and servants such as the boatswain and the mariners. The boatswain is a master in the case of controlling the ship in the storm at sea whom the nobles cannot do yet at the same time is a commoner on land. The passage means that Gonzalo, a noble, is the character caught in between the factions. This can be attributed to how he thinks that the boatswain is the type of person with a destiny to die by hanging and not drowning. Gonzalo is suggesting that the boat would not capsize because that is not his fate and thus is their cable of rescue and if not they are doomed to die. 3. Gonzalo implies that the Boatswain looks like a man brought forth into the world to be hanged. Gonzalo has these great hopes that fate will not let him be drowned, rather that the ship be saved in order that the Boatswain can fulfil his destiny to be hanged. The ugliness of the Boatswain also gives Gonzalo the hope that the ship will be saved. If that would not be the case (the hanging of the Boatswain) then the ship would capsize and they would